> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://aegean.ai/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# AI for Robotics

> Course introduction.

<Frame>
  <img src="https://mintcdn.com/aegeanaiinc/ai8d4zdsUnwq_5J6/courses/robotics/images/llama-robot.jpeg?fit=max&auto=format&n=ai8d4zdsUnwq_5J6&q=85&s=3930f49abfb330215d06b0de2181161e" alt="AI for Robotics" style={{width: '100%', maxHeight: '400px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '8px'}} width="3360" height="2016" data-path="courses/robotics/images/llama-robot.jpeg" />
</Frame>

## What this course is all about

This course introduces students to the foundational concepts of AI as they apply to the complex world of robotics, emphasizing how AI algorithms enable robots to interpret sensor data, navigate dynamic environments, and interact intelligently with both objects and humans.

The course explores key AI methods, including computer vision, natural language processing, path planning and reinforcement learning that give robots the ability to analyze, reason, and respond to the world around them. Students will engage with hands-on projects with a focus on real-world applications in areas like autonomous vehicles and industrial automation.

By the end of the course, students will have gained a deep understanding of how AI enables autonomous robots to perform complex tasks, being instructed with natural language making them capable of working alongside humans in various settings.

## Topics Covered

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Kinematics" icon="arrows-rotate" href="/aiml-common/lectures/kinematics/index">
    Configuration space and motion representations for robot control.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Global Planning" icon="route" href="/aiml-common/lectures/planning/global-planning/search/index">
    Search algorithms including forward search and A\* for path planning.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Local Planning" icon="location-arrow" href="/aiml-common/lectures/planning/local-planning/index">
    Motion planning, behavioral planning, and prediction for dynamic environments.
  </Card>

  <Card title="VLA Agents" icon="robot" href="/aiml-common/lectures/VLA/index">
    Vision-Language-Action models, imitation learning, and sim2real transfer.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Simulation" icon="desktop" href="/aiml-common/lectures/simulation/index">
    Simulation environments for training embodied AI agents.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

***

## Video Lectures

<div style={{marginBottom: '2rem'}}>
  <p style={{fontSize: '1rem', color: '#6b7280', marginBottom: '0.5rem'}}>
    9 modules · 43 lessons · 10+ hours of content
  </p>

  <p style={{marginBottom: '1rem'}}>
    Subscribe to our <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@pantelism" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{color: '#2196C8'}}>YouTube channel</a> and explore the complete curriculum below.
  </p>
</div>

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="1. Course Introduction" icon="play">
    <div style={{display: 'grid', gap: '1rem', marginTop: '1rem'}}>
      <a href="https://youtu.be/t9zxmEHGT1s?si=1Rz2mZeUzyagH6pn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/t9zxmEHGT1s/mqdefault.jpg" alt="The Robotic AI Agent" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>The Robotic AI Agent</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>A practical map for navigating robotic AI systems.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/KCC2bgW-zaM" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/KCC2bgW-zaM/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Development Environment Setup" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Development Environment Setup</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Setting up the ROS2 Docker-based development environment.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/jkNugBJG2yk" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/jkNugBJG2yk/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Mathematical Prerequisites" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Mathematical Prerequisites</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>What you need to know before diving into the course material.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>
    </div>
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="2. Statistical Learning Theory" icon="chart-line">
    <div style={{display: 'grid', gap: '1rem', marginTop: '1rem'}}>
      <a href="https://youtu.be/Qw0Bdsa_3Yg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/Qw0Bdsa_3Yg/mqdefault.jpg" alt="The Learning Problem" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>The Learning Problem</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>The Vapnik block diagram.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/oLP7v-jCGxM" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/oLP7v-jCGxM/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Linear Regression" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Linear Regression</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Extracting non-linear patterns with linear models.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/eWw5NPSxaa8" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/eWw5NPSxaa8/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Gradient Descent" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Gradient Descent</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Optimizing complicated functions with iterative methods.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/V3FoNyppPl8" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/V3FoNyppPl8/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Entropy" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Entropy</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Information theory principles.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/CYxadbxMZno" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/CYxadbxMZno/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Maximum Likelihood Estimation" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Maximum Likelihood Estimation</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>The workhorse of statistical modeling.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/eQ6UE968Xe4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/eQ6UE968Xe4/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Binary Classification" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Binary Classification</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Binary classification and Logistic Regression.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>
    </div>
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="3. Neural Networks" icon="brain">
    <div style={{display: 'grid', gap: '1rem', marginTop: '1rem'}}>
      <a href="https://youtu.be/M-bIqxvF984" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/M-bIqxvF984/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Feature Extraction" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Feature Extraction</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Using a simple network to understand how features are extracted.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/JW22NeQXk64" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/JW22NeQXk64/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Multiclass Classifier" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Multiclass Classifier</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>A simple multiclass classifier example.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/IjK9R6r3mqk" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/IjK9R6r3mqk/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Backpropagation" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Backpropagation</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>How to calculate gradients in a neural network.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/a-ePQQZgA0E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/a-ePQQZgA0E/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Regularization" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Regularization</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>How to regulate the complexity of a neural network.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>
    </div>
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="4. Convolutional Neural Networks" icon="layer-group">
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      <a href="https://youtu.be/9CGGh6ivg68" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/9CGGh6ivg68/mqdefault.jpg" alt="How We Understand Scenes" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>How We Understand Scenes</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Human Perception and Imaging.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/WXoOohWU28Y" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/WXoOohWU28Y/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Convolution and Correlation" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Convolution and Correlation</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>A linear operation for extracting spatial features.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/TV-DjM8242s" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/TV-DjM8242s/mqdefault.jpg" alt="CNN Architectures" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>CNN Architectures</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Looking inside a CNN layer and understanding architectural patterns.</p>
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      <a href="https://youtu.be/rCVlIVKqqGE" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
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          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/rCVlIVKqqGE/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Image Classification" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Image Classification</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Image classification with data augmentation.</p>
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      <a href="https://youtu.be/lb_5AdUpfuA" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/lb_5AdUpfuA/mqdefault.jpg" alt="What CNNs Learn" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>What CNNs Learn</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Visualizing the features learned by CNNs.</p>
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      <a href="https://youtu.be/FCQ-rih6cHY" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/FCQ-rih6cHY/mqdefault.jpg" alt="ResNets" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>ResNets</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Residual Networks and skip connections.</p>
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      </a>
    </div>
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="5. Object Detection" icon="crosshairs">
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      <a href="https://youtu.be/ojb-E4tDTxs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/ojb-E4tDTxs/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Introduction to Object Detection" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Introduction to Object Detection</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Object detection in a physical security application.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/YNBPJx0EUcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/YNBPJx0EUcc/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Computer Vision Datasets" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Computer Vision Datasets</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>What types of annotations are used in computer vision?</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/4WHFcqq1ErA" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/4WHFcqq1ErA/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Region-based Object Detectors" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Region-based Object Detectors</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>R-CNN, Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN.</p>
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      </a>
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  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="6. Recursive State Estimation" icon="wave-square">
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      <a href="https://youtu.be/qegibGSstNE" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/qegibGSstNE/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Introduction to State Estimation with HMM" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Introduction to State Estimation with HMM</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Introducing Hidden Markov Models.</p>
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      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/eiGC3e78JVw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/eiGC3e78JVw/mqdefault.jpg" alt="The Bayes Filter" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>The Bayes Filter</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Implementing the Bayes filter algorithm.</p>
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        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/-Ub6AD3iTXE" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/-Ub6AD3iTXE/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Discrete Bayes Filter Example" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Discrete Bayes Filter Example</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Discrete Bayes localization notebook.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/pAKSArqZE08" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/pAKSArqZE08/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Continuous State Space and Kalman Filter" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Continuous State Space and Kalman Filter</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Localizing a drone under Gaussian assumptions.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/A5_WcG1s5Mc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/A5_WcG1s5Mc/mqdefault.jpg" alt="A Kalman Filter Example" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>A Kalman Filter Example</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Kalman localization notebook.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>
    </div>
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="7. Global Planning" icon="map">
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      <a href="https://youtu.be/SgF46ifnESY" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/SgF46ifnESY/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Introduction to Planning" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Introduction to Planning</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Typical planning problems and PDDL.</p>
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        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/BauJR11F72E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/BauJR11F72E/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Planning Domain Definition Language" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Planning Domain Definition Language</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>The constructs of PDDL.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/LwAiOhW9VAk" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/LwAiOhW9VAk/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Forward Search Algorithms" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Forward Search Algorithms</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Finding global planning solutions with forward search.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/5gr4TTpVG5w" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/5gr4TTpVG5w/mqdefault.jpg" alt="The A* Algorithm" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>The A\* Algorithm</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Using heuristics to guide forward search.</p>
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        </div>
      </a>
    </div>
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="8. Multimodal Reasoning and Transformers" icon="microchip">
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        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/2pIIPXPopzc/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Introduction to Transformers" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Introduction to Transformers</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>The transformer architecture and the simple attention mechanism.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/JdoXFcSiDrA" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/JdoXFcSiDrA/mqdefault.jpg" alt="The Learnable Attention Mechanism" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>The Learnable Attention Mechanism</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Implementing the scaled dot-product self attention mechanism.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/hKCO8PO3yvw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/hKCO8PO3yvw/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Multi-Head Self Attention" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Multi-Head Self Attention</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Using multiple attention heads to capture different aspects of input sequences.</p>
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      </a>
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  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="9. Markov Decision Processes" icon="diagram-project">
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        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/15d1-FZJKP4/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Introduction to MDPs - Part 1" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Introduction to MDPs - Part 1</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Defining Markov Decision Processes.</p>
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      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/_EZ78z5ryo0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/_EZ78z5ryo0/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Introduction to MDPs - Part 2" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Introduction to MDPs - Part 2</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Defining Markov Decision Processes.</p>
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        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/e2fz3nNjNcQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/e2fz3nNjNcQ/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Bellman Expectation Equations - Part 1" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Bellman Expectation Equations - Part 1</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Deriving the Bellman Expectation Equations.</p>
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      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/M8Gadmn8pA8" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/M8Gadmn8pA8/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Bellman Expectation Equations - Part 2" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Bellman Expectation Equations - Part 2</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Deriving the Bellman Expectation Equations.</p>
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        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/GU-QPMKBNUE" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/GU-QPMKBNUE/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Policy Evaluation - Part 1" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Policy Evaluation - Part 1</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Using the Bellman Expectation Equations for Policy Evaluation.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/PELHvCblayI" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/PELHvCblayI/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Policy Evaluation - Part 2" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Policy Evaluation - Part 2</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Using the Bellman Expectation Equations for Policy Evaluation.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/C4sloVtHSwo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/C4sloVtHSwo/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Bellman Optimal Value Functions" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Bellman Optimal Value Functions</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Deriving the Bellman Optimality Equations.</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </a>

      <a href="https://youtu.be/SSYDYSmGi1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{textDecoration: 'none', color: 'inherit'}}>
        <div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', padding: '1rem', borderRadius: '8px', border: '1px solid var(--border-color, #e5e7eb)', background: 'var(--background-secondary, #f9fafb)'}}>
          <img src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/SSYDYSmGi1E/mqdefault.jpg" alt="Policy Iteration and Value Iteration" style={{width: '160px', height: '90px', objectFit: 'cover', borderRadius: '6px', flexShrink: 0}} />

          <div>
            <h4 style={{margin: '0 0 0.25rem 0', fontSize: '1rem', fontWeight: '600'}}>Policy Iteration and Value Iteration</h4>
            <p style={{margin: 0, fontSize: '0.875rem', color: '#6b7280'}}>Using the Bellman Optimality Equations for optimal control.</p>
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        </div>
      </a>
    </div>
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

***

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