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Natural language processing enables AI agents to understand and generate human language. This section covers the evolution from classical NLP techniques to modern transformer-based large language models.

Topics

RNN Fundamentals

Recurrent neural networks for sequence modeling, including simple RNNs and the challenges of learning long-term dependencies.

LSTM Architecture

Long Short-Term Memory networks with gates for controlling information flow and solving the vanishing gradient problem.

Transformers

Self-attention mechanisms that enable parallel processing and capture long-range dependencies in sequences.

Attention Mechanisms

Single-head and multi-head attention for learning contextual representations of tokens.

Key Concepts

  • Sequence Modeling: Processing variable-length input sequences
  • Word Embeddings: Dense vector representations of tokens (word2vec, GloVe)
  • Recurrence: Hidden state evolution for capturing temporal dependencies
  • Self-Attention: Mechanism for relating different positions in a sequence
  • Positional Encoding: Adding sequence order information to embeddings
  • Transformer Blocks: Stacking attention and feed-forward layers

Learning Outcomes

After completing this section, you will be able to:
  1. Understand the architecture and training of recurrent neural networks
  2. Explain how LSTM gates address the vanishing gradient problem
  3. Implement self-attention mechanisms from scratch
  4. Describe the transformer architecture and its advantages over RNNs
  5. Apply pre-trained language models to downstream NLP tasks

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